♨️ Kalina Binary Cycle (NH3-H2O)

Calculate binary ammonia-water Kalina cycle performance: non-azeotropic temperature glide matching, separator distillation, rich-vapor expander, and net electrical power.

⚡ Fortran 90 Engine Double Precision (IEEE 754) ✓ ISO / ASME Validated

Thermodynamics

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📅 Released Jun 2026

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⚡ Kalina Binary (NH3-H2O) Flow Circuit & Variable Boiling Glide

Real-time visual simulation: Distillation separation of rich ammonia vapor and variable-temperature boiling glide

📝 Configuration & Presets

🌋 Geothermal Brine (KCS-11) 🏭 Refinery Distillation Waste 🚛 Gas Engine Bottoming Loop 🌊 OTEC Low-DeltaT Variation

🧪 Binary Mixture Composition & Pressures

Ammonia Mass Fraction z_b: Typical: 0.65 to 0.85

High Pressure P_high [bar]:

Absorber Low Pressure P_low [bar]:

Separator Temperature T_sep [°C]:

⚙️ Mass Flow & Machine Efficiencies

Basic Mixture Flow ṁ [kg/s]:

Heat Source Temp T_src [°C]:

Turbine Isentropic Eff. η_t:

Pump Isentropic Eff. η_p:

Kalina Binary Cycle Formulation:
• Variable Boiling Temperature Glide: ΔT_glide ≈ 15 - 30 °C
• Distillation: Splits into rich vapor (x_rich ≈ 95%) and lean liquid (x_lean ≈ 40%)
• Net Power Output: Ẇ_net = ṁ_vap · w_turb − ṁ_basic · w_pump [kW]
• Thermal Efficiency: η_th = Ẇ_net / Q̇_in [%]

📊 Kalina Cycle Results

📊 Output Summary
💾 Fortran Source

Net Electrical Power Output (Ẇ_net)

16758.65 kW (16.759 MW)

Thermal Efficiency: 20.54 % | Evaporator Duty: 81582.1 kW

z_b = 60 % NH₃

Rich Vapor Fraction (x_rich) 68.8 % ṁ_vap = 52.50 kg/s

Lean Liquid Fraction (x_lean) 43.2 % ṁ_lean = 27.50 kg/s

Boiling Temperature Glide 22.5 °C Pinch-point reduction

Absorber Heat Rejection 64823.4 kW P_low = 3.5 bar

📈 Thermal Efficiency η (%) vs Basic Ammonia Fraction z_b (%)

📉 Net Power Output W_net (kW) vs High Pressure P_high (bar)

=================================================================
 THERMOFLUIDCALC — KALINA BINARY AMMONIA-WATER (NH3-H2O) REPORT
=================================================================
Case Title                 : Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Kalina Variation
Binary Mixture Parameters  : Basic Ammonia zb = 60.0 %, Glide = 22.5 C
Operating Pressures & Temp : P_high = 12.00 bar, P_low = 3.50 bar, T_sep = 65.0 C
Distillation Separation    : Rich Vapor x_rich = 68.8 % (52.50 kg/s), Lean Liquid x_lean = 43.2 % (27.50 kg/s)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
NET ELECTRICAL POWER (Wnet): 16758.65 kW (16.7587 MW)
CYCLE THERMAL EFFICIENCY   : 20.542 %
Evaporator Thermal Input   : 81582.10 kW
Absorber Heat Rejection    : 64823.45 kW
=================================================================

📘 Calculation Methodology & Kalina Cycle Standards

Binary Temperature Glide

Because ammonia ($T_b = -33.3^\circ\text{C}$) boils before water ($T_b = 100^\circ\text{C}$), phase change occurs with a variable temperature glide matching the heat source slope, drastically cutting exergy destruction.

Distillation & Absorber Recombination

The high-pressure separator distills rich ammonia vapor for power generation, while lean liquid is recombined in the absorber to allow low condensing pressures at ambient temperature.

Key Engineering Assumptions

Zeotropic ammonia-water binary mixture ($NH_3 / H_2O$).
Dry rich vapor expansion without condensation in the turbine.
Applicable to geothermal power, industrial waste heat recovery, and OTEC.

ThermoFluidCalc Engineering Report