🌊 Cooling Tower Merkel Integral (KaV/L)
Calculate cooling tower mass transfer demand (Merkel number KaV/L) via Chebyshev 4-point quadrature, thermal effectiveness, range, approach, and evaporation loss.
⚡ Fortran 90 Engine
Double Precision (IEEE 754)
✓ ISO / ASME Validated
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📅 Mise en service
Jun 2026
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< 1 ms
🌊 Induced Draft Counter-Flow Cooling Tower & Film Packing Simulation
Real-time visual simulation of hot water spray, evaporative mass transfer & upward air drafting📝 Configuration & Presets
CTI Merkel Formulations:
• Merkel Integral: KaV / L = ∫ [ cw dTw / (hsat − ha) ]
• Range = Tw,in − Tw,out | Approach = Tw,out − Twb
• Thermal Effectiveness: η = Range / (Tw,in − Twb) × 100%
• Evaporation Loss: Qevap ≈ 0.0018 · L · Range [m³/h]
• Merkel Integral: KaV / L = ∫ [ cw dTw / (hsat − ha) ]
• Range = Tw,in − Tw,out | Approach = Tw,out − Twb
• Thermal Effectiveness: η = Range / (Tw,in − Twb) × 100%
• Evaporation Loss: Qevap ≈ 0.0018 · L · Range [m³/h]
📊 Merkel Analysis Results
Configure inputs and click Compute to view results.
📘 Calculation Methodology & CTI Standards
Merkel Enthalpy Driving Force
The Merkel theory unifies sensible and latent heat transfer into a single potential: the enthalpy difference between saturated air at the water interface and bulk moist air:
KaV/L = ∫ [ cw dTw / (hsat − ha) ]
Chebyshev 4-Point Quadrature
CTI Bulletin P-130 specifies evaluation at 4 standard points across the cooling range ($10\%, 40\%, 60\%, 90\%$) for high numerical accuracy without manual graphical integration.
Key Engineering Assumptions
- Lewis factor $Le_f = 1.0$ (equal mass and heat transfer boundary layers).
- Negligible reduction in water flow rate along the tower fill.
- Saturated air at water temperature interface.