๐ Cooling Tower Merkel Integral (KaV/L)
Calculate cooling tower mass transfer demand (Merkel number KaV/L) via Chebyshev 4-point quadrature, thermal effectiveness, range, approach, and evaporation loss.
โก Fortran 90 Engine
Double Precision (IEEE 754)
โ ISO / ASME Validated
Mass Transfer
๐ Solver Telemetry
โ ACTIVE
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31
โก Solves
28
๐พ Downloads
497
๐ฆ Fortran Code
6.4 KB
๐
Released
Jun 2026
โฑ๏ธ Latency
< 1 ms
๐ Induced Draft Counter-Flow Cooling Tower & Film Packing Simulation
Real-time visual simulation of hot water spray, evaporative mass transfer & upward air drafting๐ Configuration & Presets
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CTI Merkel Formulations:
โข Merkel Integral: KaV / L = โซ [ cw dTw / (hsat โ ha) ]
โข Range = Tw,in โ Tw,out | Approach = Tw,out โ Twb
โข Thermal Effectiveness: ฮท = Range / (Tw,in โ Twb) ร 100%
โข Evaporation Loss: Qevap โ 0.0018 ยท L ยท Range [mยณ/h]
โข Merkel Integral: KaV / L = โซ [ cw dTw / (hsat โ ha) ]
โข Range = Tw,in โ Tw,out | Approach = Tw,out โ Twb
โข Thermal Effectiveness: ฮท = Range / (Tw,in โ Twb) ร 100%
โข Evaporation Loss: Qevap โ 0.0018 ยท L ยท Range [mยณ/h]
๐ Merkel Analysis Results
Configure inputs and click Compute to view results.
๐ Calculation Methodology & CTI Standards
Merkel Enthalpy Driving Force
The Merkel theory unifies sensible and latent heat transfer into a single potential: the enthalpy difference between saturated air at the water interface and bulk moist air:
KaV/L = โซ [ cw dTw / (hsat โ ha) ]
Chebyshev 4-Point Quadrature
CTI Bulletin P-130 specifies evaluation at 4 standard points across the cooling range ($10\%, 40\%, 60\%, 90\%$) for high numerical accuracy without manual graphical integration.
Key Engineering Assumptions
- Lewis factor $Le_f = 1.0$ (equal mass and heat transfer boundary layers).
- Negligible reduction in water flow rate along the tower fill.
- Saturated air at water temperature interface.