โ๏ธ Freeze Drying Sublimation (Pikal Lyophilization)
Simulate pharmaceutical primary freeze-drying sublimation cycle times, moving ice front temperature, dry cake vapor resistance (Rp), and vial heat flux.
โก Fortran 90 Engine
Double Precision (IEEE 754)
โ ISO / ASME Validated
Mass Transfer
๐ Solver Telemetry
โ ACTIVE
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43
โก Solves
33
๐พ Downloads
520
๐ฆ Fortran Code
6.4 KB
๐
Released
Jun 2026
โฑ๏ธ Latency
< 1 ms
โ๏ธ Pharmaceutical Vial Sublimation Front Progression & Vapor Flow
Real-time visual simulation of ice sublimation interface descending through porous cake under chamber vacuum๐ Configuration & Presets
๐ Biopharma mAb (6R Vial)
๐งช Vaccine mRNA LNP (-33ยฐC)
๐ Antibiotic Cake (10R)
๐ฌ Diagnostic Enzyme
Pikal Lyophilization Formulations:
โข Sublimation Mass Flux: แนsub = (Psat(Tice) โ Pch) / Rp [g/(cmยฒยทh)]
โข Shelf Heat Flux: qฬ = Kv ยท (Tshelf โ Tbottom) = แนsub ยท ฮHsub
โข Primary Drying Time: tp = โซ [ ฯice (1 โ cs) / แนsub ] dLdry
โข Collapse Constraint: Tice < Tcollapse
โข Sublimation Mass Flux: แนsub = (Psat(Tice) โ Pch) / Rp [g/(cmยฒยทh)]
โข Shelf Heat Flux: qฬ = Kv ยท (Tshelf โ Tbottom) = แนsub ยท ฮHsub
โข Primary Drying Time: tp = โซ [ ฯice (1 โ cs) / แนsub ] dLdry
โข Collapse Constraint: Tice < Tcollapse
๐ Primary Drying Results
Configure inputs and click Compute to view results.
๐ Calculation Methodology & Pikal Lyophilization Standards
Pikal Coupled Heat & Mass Balance
During primary drying, latent heat of ice sublimation ($\Delta H_{sub} = 2835\,\text{J/g}$) supplied by shelf conduction must equal the vapor sublimation mass transfer:
Kv(Tshelf โ Tbottom) = ฮHsub ยท [ (Psat(Tice) โ Pch) / Rp ]
Micro-Collapse Prevention
If the ice sublimation interface exceeds the glass transition temperature $T_g'$ or collapse temperature $T_{collapse}$, the porous cake collapses, resulting in product degradation.
Key Engineering Assumptions
- Planar 1D moving sublimation front progressing from top to bottom.
- Vapor transport governed by dry cake Knudsen & viscous resistance $R_p$.
- Equilibrium Clausius-Clapeyron ice vapor pressure.